Time Is Running Out "Oogenero Nonuccal"

Poem Assignment

Bab I   Introduction

            The poetry “Time Is Running Out” by Oodgeroo Noonuccal. In my opinion, this poem is one of the best poem in the world especially in Australia. Oodgeroo Noonuccal formerly called Kath Walker or Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska was born on November 3^th, 1920 on Minjerribah (North Stradbroke Island) Queensland, Australia. She was the second youngest of six children from Ted and Lucy Ruska. She was an Australian poet, political activist, artist, and educator. She was also a campaigner for Aboriginal rights. Oodgeroo left her school at age 13, 1933 because she wrote with her left hand. She was the first Australian Aborigine woman who published her book of verse. Her occupations as domestic servant, corporal, writer, and educator. She had ever worked as Australian Womens Army Service and Nonuccal-Nughi Education Cultural Centre. Oodgeroo Nonuccal died on September 16th, 1993 (aged 72). But, during lived day, she did a precious thing that can change the differences between black and white communities in the world especially in Australia Country.

            According to me, her poem “Time Is Running Out” talked about the destruction of the environment. In this poem, Oodgeroo expressed about what we had done for our environment, did we keep it or destroy it ? We need to do something positive for our environment. We might not be able to feel what a beautiful world with beauty of our environment such as beautiful landscape of beach. But, the world made us losing all of it. In fact, the humans use the environment to get money for their life without think of the risk of their behaviors. All of the thing in the world is used for materiality.

            In this essay, I want to talk about the important messages that Oodgeroo put in her poem, the figurative language that she used for her poem, and I want to tell you who the poem refers to. I think, this poem is interesting and it can become a lecture and advices for the humans being who apply the environment just for their life.

Bab II  The Fisrst Stanza

The first stanza talk about the people acts. They lived for money. They can conduct everything for money including the destruction of the earth. They destroyed the environment violently. They don’t think about the risk of their behaviors for another. (Stanza one line 1 and 2).

The miner rapes the hearth of earth                Stanza One

With his violent spade

“His” is refers to men. In this line, the miner is compared to the people in the real life. In this case, they use Metaphor as poetic device. This stanza is also talk about what they can get for their if they destroy the environment such as, they can get advantages like money. They take each elements of the environment such as they cut the trees in the forests illegally and bring them to their company, change the forests that become the lung of the world like the industrial land. They use this land for industrial company to cultivate the trees to be kind of the equipments that become the humans consume it for their daily activities just like this line “stealing, bottling her black blood for the sake of greedy trade” (stanza one line 3 and 4). “Her” in stanza one is refers to Earth. And then “Black blood” is refers to the oil.

Bab II   The Second Stanza

            The second stanza related with the first stanza which was talking about the risk of environment destruction. We can see that the world has been spoiling quietly. And who knows about it? People in the world only understand about how I can save my life from suffering. They do everything even damage the environment only for their importance. I quote the line that related with this act.

            In his greedy lust for power 

He destroys old nature’s will                          Stanza Two

For the sake of the filthy dollar

He dirties the nest he build

“He destroyed old nature’s will” (stanza two line 2) is compared with the nature that had been given by the God.  He destroyed it for money that can make them happy life and happy ending.  But we don’t thinking of the others.  As the line “for the sake of the filthy dollar” (stanza two line 3) means “money”. They consent their world to be change by the money, money, and money.  He destroyed their life and their world. The world which become their birth place. Oh my God. Pardon there. And then when they damaged their environment, they did not know that they damaged their place also. And unexpected thing for them is the crime they made for money will be written down by the God and just in the end of their life for the punishment.

Bab III   The Third Stanza

            But time is running out (stanza three line 1). This line use symbol as poetic devices. It interpreted as the time will be over. No one can run away from it. In this stanza, it talks about the punishment for people who had destroyed the earth violently for money. What an upset situation. We need to take over this situation. We must save our earth that had been given by our God. Don’t let someone or a group of people destroy our earth. We give them a lecture and punishment for their behaviors. Remember, all you guys will get the effect for your stand, but you will not know when it happen for you. And for people that take care of the earth just hope, someone will come to us and help us solve this problem just like this line :

            Come gentle black man

Show your strength

Time to take a stand                                        Stanza Three

Make the violent miner feel

Your violent

Those lines have strong meaning for evildoer and persuade the people to get back to the God’s way. “make the violent miner feel your violent” (stanza three line 8 and 9) shows that the earth know what you had done with it also. Thus, the earth will punish you guys for your behaviors if the time has arrived.

Bab IV   The summary of the poem “Time Is Running Out”

Well, we are in the end of my discussion about this poem. According to me, the poem “Time Is Running Out” by Oodgeroo Nonnuccal is very good poem and has great meaning for me after i read it. This poem was talking about the destruction of the environment dealing to our behaviors especially. It can improve our knowledge about our acts. Do we take over our earth or we destroy it ? We can’t understand about it, but we can realize and feel it. Can we feel the environment love us and hence from that, we have to love the environment to so that it will make a balancing between the earth and us. Well, we don’t need to think about the advantages and the positive effect, but we think about the negative effect that had caused by ourselves. For example, we cut the trees in the forests for company’s importance so that we can get much money for that, and then we burn the forests to be changed as a company to add our money. Everything we do is just for money. I’m afraid about this because not only people can hear this situation but the so does the earth. And the effect for this poem for me, I think, I felt what I had done for my environment is wrong. I often throw the rubbish everywhere. It means that I didn’t care with my environment. After I read this poem, something hit me and speak to me, you must take over your earth because it is your life all the time. I felt, I need to change my behaviors so that I can save my life and my earth.

LET’S GO

TAKE OVER OUR ENVIRONMENT (THE EARTH)

DESTROY THE PERSON WHO WANT TO DESTROY OUR EARTH

SAVE THE EARTH

Death By Scrabble Story

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

PENGANTAR KESUSASTRAAN INGGRIS

OLEH :

                        NAME                                    : ROBBI NURDIN HIDAYAT

                        NPM                                       : 1006756484

                        LECTURER                         : ASRI SARASWATI M. Hum

UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA

COMPARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHARACTERS IN THE STORY DEATH BY SCRABBLE AND THE UNICORN IN THE GARDEN

Bab I   ANTECEDENT

            Death by scrabble and unicorn in the garden are the excited stories I had ever heard in my life before I got in University of Indonesia. Actually when I read the stories and I was getting surprised. Why did I say like that?  Because first, I had just known that I found the nice story for reading, then I saw the beauty of the story, the meaning of the story and good story. The story “Death by Scrabble” by Charlie Fish. It is the beautiful story according to me. Because we know that the story tells us about the husband and the wife who are playing scrabble. In fact, the husband does not want to play scrabble because I read in this story “I should be out, doing the exercise, spending money, and meeting people. I do not think I have spoken to anyone except my wife since Thursday morning. I would be doing something interesting right now. I would be climbing mount Kilimanjaro, starring in the Hollywood blockbuster, sailing the Vendee Globe on a 60-foot clipper called the New Horizons”. From those sentences, we know that the husband dislikes the wife’s way to him. So, it makes him hate with her. Angrily, he accepted her to play scrabble. In that story, all of the words which the husband put on the scrabble board are come true. For the example, he put “Quake”, just as the room starts to shake. So, it proves that what the word he put is come true. And then in the end the word that he chewing on his mouth gets lodged and his throat swells up and he fall down to the floor but his wife just watching.

            And the story “The Unicorn in The Garden” is nice story. Why did I say like that? Because first the story tells the reader that the husband looked the unicorn in his garden, and he told to his wife but his wife ignored her husband’s story.  Not a long time, the husband went away. During his husband went on, she called the psychiatrist and the police. She wants them to go to her house because she said that her husband is mad. And then suddenly her husband goes back. The police ask her husband, “did you tell your wife you saw a unicorn?”. And he reply, “of course not”. So, the police are getting confused and the police know who is the mad?  Just as the police catch her and take her to the police office. Eventually, the wife is mad and then the wife realizes that she had been cheated by her husband.

Bab II   THE SUMMARY OF THE STORY “DEATH BY SCRABBLE”

            The story from Charlie fish “Death By Scrabble” tells the reader about a couple of husband and wife. I think, they are a sensational couple before the wife change it all. O n the Sunday afternoon, the husband had had plans to spend his weekend times. He want to climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, starring in the latest Hollywood Blockbuster, sailing the Vendee Globe on a 60-foot clipper called the New Horizons and all, but I must doing something.

            The wife as housewife according to me does not want to do anything. Because she does not have plan, so she decides to invite her husband to play Scrabble. But the husband does not do it with her. She forces him, so he obeys his wife decision. That is why, he hates his wife. First, he plays BEGIN, twenty two points. And then, his wife plays JINXED (bad lucky) and so on till the last event, when the husband is chewing the B in his mouth gets lodged and it makes his throat swell up and making a blue face of him. Just as he falls down to the floor and his wife is just sitting and watch him.

            As we know, all of the words which he had been playing are become true. He played WARMER, the air in their room get hot, he played ZAPS, the air conditioning get a static shock off, he played CHEATING, suddenly the wife gives him a suspicious look like she knows that he cheated her. He played EXPLODES, there is a deafening bang from the air conditioning unit, he played FLY, there is a fly buzzing around him. And then he played QUAKE, just the room starts to shake and his wife played DEATH, it is mean that the word DEATH toward to her husband. It makes what is going to happen in the sooner time. Surprise, the husband move on and he does not realize that he is chewing the B on his mouth, so it lodge to his throat and makes it swell up. The husband fall down in the floor and the wife do not have desire to help him

            Hence from that, we can see how the characterizations of the characters build the story and makes the story to be interested to read by the reader. So, we can get a message that “Do not doing what your heart does not to do it and try to follow your conscience because the best decision of your life is your conscience.

Bab III   THE SUMMARY OF THE STORY “THE UNICORN IN THE GARDEN”

            The story from James Thurber “The Unicorn in the Garden’ is excited. It starts on the sunny morning. There is a husband and wife. The wife is sleeping while the husband is having breakfast. When he is enjoying the breakfast, the unicorn come to his garden and cropping the roses. Then, he tells to his wife, honey “there is the unicorn in our garden”. But his wife is still sleeping. And then he sees the unicorn still there. So twice, he tells to his wife, honey please, see it the unicorn. She open one unfriendly eye and look at him. Because the wife stills a sleep, he decides to go away.

            When her husband is still going away, suddenly she wake up and she is looking around at the garden, but she did not see anything moreover the unicorn. Because of that problem, she get the telephone and call the police and the psychiatrist to come to her house. Not a long time they need to go, they arrive to her house swiftly.

            Excuse me miss, could you tell me the truth? She said “my husband saw a unicorn this morning”. So, they do not believe about her story, confusedly, they face to face. I do not know what they are thinking of. Maybe they are thinking of her story or the think about the wife is crazy. I do not it surely. After they hear the wife’s story, suddenly, her husband is coming on the house. It is the truth of the story. The police ask to her husband, “did you tell your wife you saw a unicorn?”. “Of course not” he said. The unicorn is the mythical beast.

So, her husband is the clue of their confusing. So, the police take the wife away to police office. She is getting curse and scream when she is taken by the police. After all the events, the husband is the lucky man because he does not be the deceiver. And he lives happily in the house ever after.    

Bab IV   COMPARE THE CHARACTERS HUSBAND AND WIFE IN DEATH BY SCRABBLE AND THE UNICORN IN THE GARDEN

            Well, in the above section, we had told about the story Death By Scrabble and The Unicorn in The Garden. I am sure that we have known the characters both of the story. As we know, the characters in both of the story are same. The husband and The wife. First, we talk about the husband in both of them. The husband in Death By Scrabble is the nice husband, he obey what his wife say to him, and he is the handsome man I think. What about the husband in the unicorn in the garden. The husband is the cruel man, the deceiver, clever because he can return the fact, and he is handsome man. Both of them have different characteristics in their story but the same characteristic of their is handsome man. The husband is Death by scrabble, he is the soft man but the husband in the unicorn in the garden is the cruel  man. The husband in death by scrabble

What about the wife in the both of the story? The wife in the Death by Scrabble is the cruel woman, she likes forcing her husband and lazy girl because he do not want to do anything in the weekend. And the wife in the Unicorn in the garden is the soft woman, kind woman because he care with the madness of her husband, and he is a lazy woman too because his job is just sleep. The same characterization of their is lazy. Both of them are lazy woman.

            In the death of scrabble, the husband hates his wife because his wife force him to obey what she said, and in the end of the story, the husband lodge his letter that he chew on, so his throat swell up and fall down. But the wife is just watching him, there is no need to help him. But in the unicorn in the garden story, the wife hates her husband because her husband cheat her about the unicorn, he said to her that he saw the unicorn crop the roses in the garden but when the police that I had been called asked to him, he reply that he did not see the unicorn wherever. So, she is wrong. She does the worst thing. And then, the police take her away and the husband live happily without his wife..

            So, in the death by scrabble, the husband is the victim of the wife’s crime in the end but in the unicorn in the garden the wife is the victim of the husband’s crime in the end.

Bab V   CONCLUSION

           

Death by Scrabble	The Unicorn in The Garden
The antagonist is the wife	The antagonist is the husband
The protagonist is the husband	The protagonist is the wife

           

From that story Death By Scrabble and The Unicorn in The Garden we can conclude that, the characters build their characteristic with the different way but the same meaning. The characters of the husband in death by scrabble are the characters of the wife in the unicorn in the garden and the characters of the wife in the death by scrabble are the characters of the husband in the unicorn in the garden.

The Farewell Party Story

The Farewell Party

            The story from Indian’s woman (Anita Desai) that according to the story that the story tell us about the social relationship in social environment amongst the families members, friends, and love couples. We know that the relationship amongst us must be as ease as possible, but in this story there are some trouble that deal with social behaves. The story begins on the party which is held by Raman and his family. They provide soft drink, ice, kebabs, and biscuits. It is in the lawn because the house is full bloomy house. Raman and his wife want to invite Bina who is antisocial in the society. Actually, Bina does not want to go to that party, but Raman said to her “this is the last party (moment) for us to meet because i must go out from this place”. So, Bina wants to coming on the party. In the party, there are some events happen amongst Bina and Raman, Bina and Mrs. Raman, Bina and Bose and Young Proffesor. Actually Raman is in saddest feeling because He is placed in low hierarchy even get British concern, and American collaboration, but he exists in Indian. And Bina has spastic child that makes her hesitate and won’t to give apology for her husband. But it id unnecessary more after Bina through her life like that. I think, “The Farewell Party” becomes its title is good. Because The Farewell Party is just like a normal party for all Indian and like ship-board party that occurs for a while, romantic moment amongst the couples, foods, drinks, friendliness, and gaiety. After that, it is up to them, they want to remind it or just let it be. The Farewell Party is only to draw Bina’s attention and Indians. In the end of the party, a sad song and the party finish with the tears with drink, relief, and regret. I think, the farewell party takes a value that “life can not be ease without friendliness, giety, something astonish, suffering, mocking, destiny and fate. Everything is going to be change. Regret and belief will always accompany us, but they can be break us too if we can not keep it in our heart and represent to our normal life.      

Satan In Goray "Novel"

POWER AND RELIGION

            If we talk about the  power and religion in the novel Satan in Goray, we expect to see another part of human life. A religion can be a power for human to do bad or good things in their life. As I know from this novel and other resources from the internet that there was a power in a religion that the society of Goray believe in it. As I had written on my first thesis of Satan in Goray. For example, someone who believe with the Sabbatai Zevi’s Religion accoding to people in Goray, he kept his belief as well. Then if people try to disturb his belief, or make him doubt with his belief, he can make their life in danger even kill them. This was an example of Power of Religion. As I respect of this novel, Satan in Goray means that there was a Messiah (Prophet) that in Goray’s people opinion he can helped her from the conflicts and tought them about how to be good person and pray to God. The new Messiah was Sabbatai Zevi who said to People in Goray “The Evil Will End Soon, and There Was A Messiah, Who Will Come and Erase Everything.

            The Power within a religion in Goray’s society took them into the destruction of their pride, their life, their personality even it can kill themselves as well. I take an example from one of character in this novel, she is Reb Gedaliya (Sabbatai Zevi’s follower), who marrried with Rechele, the weakness person because he has a limp. By the end of Rechele’s life, Reb Gedilay took the advantages to spread Zevi’s religion in Goray and made his position on the top, became the leader of Zevi’s followers. This was the condition where people in Goray became bad society, they were in danger of themselves. they lived in evil spirits surround them, motivated them to follow what Zevi’s said. They were in power of evil. The evil in it called as the religion. Thus, this was the power as I said in the first. The power which can bring us into bad things as the example of people in Goray. They even did not realize that they had lived with The Spirit of Evils, wrong belief, and they kept stay on it. It was like people of Goray blamed their status in black magic (Evil) because they did not realize about what they belief in reality and there was a person within this problem who took the advantages from people who followed the Evil. Also I know that people of Goray cannot see real things behind the imitation of something surround them. they all had covered with Evil. They don’t know about the real things,. This was the power of Religion which can make people did not know everything. The power of Religion can controlled them even forget about something more real that can save them.

            As I read from this novel, the relation between Power and Religion is a person. A person can be very powerful. When they became powerfull, they can control everything even it deal with religion (what people believe about God), but by the time people had believed with this powerfull person, they forget everything. They did not realized what was real and what was not real in their life. This was the problems of  power of something. I can see that people of Goray had covered with this power, so they cannot escape from this Power of Evil. I got this opinion what people said that the novel Satan in Goray was called as a Religious Hysteria because in this novel, it always show something such as conflict in religious, The Messiah, Belief, God. All of these things are deal with religious thing.

Refrences

Burgh, d Mark, 2002. Prohpetic and Fabulistic. Amazon.com

Ruether, Radford Rosemary, 1974. Images Of Women In The Jewish and Christian Traditions.

Caravaggio 4

Power and Religion

            Setelah saya membaca novel The Man Who Became Caravaggio ini, saya mendapatkan sebuah gambaran tentang betapa berkuasanya sebuah aspek keagamaan pada masa tersebut. Dalam hal ini diibaratkan bahwa aspek keagamaan atau religius ini seper sesuatu hal yang mendunia dimana semua aspek kehidupan baik itu aspek jasmani maupun rohani diatur oleh agama dalam hal ini agama yang dimaksud adalah Gereja karena peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa M ini ada di Eropa yang menganut agama kristen. Nah, dengan ikut campurnya agama dalam urusan dunia, maka apa pun yang dianggap melanggar ketentuan agama akan di hukum dan hukuman tersebut harus sesuai dengan hukum agama yang dibuat oleh agam itu sendiri.

            Ketika M menafsirkan lukisan-lukisannya yang indah dan genius itu, agama memandang bahwa lukisan M merupakan lukisan yang melewati batas religius. Dalam artian, lukisan M mengkritik keras peran agama yang sebenarnya. Seperti contohnya pada lukisannya yang berjudul Mary Dead. Ilustrasi yang tergambar dalam lukisan ini adlaah adanya penggambaran proses kematian itu seperti apa sih, menurut M. Namun, disisi lain, gereja tidak suka M ikut campur dalam urusan agama yang menurut orang-orang pada saat itu yang hanya tahu mengenai urusan kematian adlaah Tuhan, tetapi M mengilustrasikan proses kematian tersebut dalam lukisannya. Gereja engan keras melarang diterbitkannya lukisan M karena dianggap melanggar norma agama pada saat itu. M sebagai seorang yang revolusioner tidak begitu saja menyerah, dia terus saja melukiskan hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan dunia. Apa saja yang terjadi di dunia, disekitarnya, peristiwa yang ia lihat, M menggambarkannya dalam lukisan. Namun, dari semua lukisan M, hampir semuanya berhubungan dengan gereja, sehingga M dilarang melukis kembali.

            Dari kejadian diatas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa M disini mencoba untuk mengkritik peran agama dalam aspek kehidupan. Seperti yang kita tahu bahwa agama merupakan suatu hal yang bersifat personalitas, hubungan antara manusia dengan Tuhannya, bukan hubungan Tuhan dengan masalah yang terjadi di dunia. Jadi, dengan adanya pemikiran M yang melihat bahwa tidak seharusnya agama ikut campur dalam urusan duniawi, masyarakat juga merasakan hal tersebut, sehingga banyak terjadi masalah-masalah mengenai peran agama dalam aspek kehidupan. Dan juga saya melihat bahwa M melukis tidaklah bertentangan dengan apa yang tercantum dalam agama. M mencoba melukiskan apa yang ada di dalam pikirannya, baik itu peristiwa yang ia lihat disekitarnya ataupun peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu itu. Terlihat dari inspirasi-inspirasi yang muncul dalam lukisan M merupakan penggamabaran dari apa yang telah ia lalui semasa dia melukis.

            Saya juga memperhatikan sendiri bahwa M melukis dengan metodenya sendiri\, makanya dia disebut sebagai penemu teori melukis dengan kanvas. Masih terkait dengan aspek keagamaan tadi, bahwa M bisa dianggap juga sebagai pemikir masa depan karena berkat lukisannya, manusia sadar bahwa ada suatu ruang pemisah antara peran agama dalam masyarakat itu seperti apa dan mempersempit ruang lingkup agama menuju lingkup sosial, maksudnya adalah agama bukan lagi urusan sosial, tetapi agama merupakan urusan pribadi masing-masing manusia di dunia ini 

Caravaggio 3

            The Death Of Virgin was made by Caravaggio (M). This is one of M's popular painting that describing or contains Death of Woman, who close to M. The description of The Death of Virgin assumpt that this is the way when woman death. This paintings was refused by the parish. I don't know the reasons why the prish rejected this painting, but according to me this painting showed the time that human being didn't know about it. When this painting was rejected by the parish, it was acquired by the Gonzaga family in Mantua. When M did this painting, during that time, M was involved a sword fight with Ranuccio Tomassoni, and He run from Rome when Death of Virgin had done. This actually the problem that M must faced up because after he killed Tomassoni, the law chased him up.

            Death of Virgin remembered people about the entombment at the Vatican on peacefulness, naturalism, and that express it into photografi. In this painting, people surrounded a virgin woman “Maria Magdalena, who was ready to go with Rosul. People around her just stayed behind her waited for the moment Maria going to her world. They express a big sadness because of her death, but they feel it in their heart. They hid it because according to the painting, people must let her go. All human being will returned back to something tht create them, just like the description of M's painting. M, the master of Canvas painting did not exite with mannerist training which use emotion to express something or feel by heart like sad, love, or hate. For some reason, M just keep silent although he actually felt very sad. That's what M's principle. M's desciption that death will come to us. In M's painting Death of Virgin, M used a large red cloth looms in the upper of the canvas is a characteristic of desposition painting. This painting was done by the time dogma Maria was called to Heaven, but it was not formally enunciated Ex-Cathedra by Paus (The Pope). Altough Ex-Cathedra was not formally enuciated by The Pope, she had had a place for some period. When a person die, the body and soul had accepted. There were a problem about Maria's death. People said that Maria's death was not normal. At that time, there was a belief that Death People was still alive. They just sleep for a while and live for a while. That's catholic belief at that time. And also they said that when Allah raised your body, you did not fell anything, pain, fun, or happy. You became others and you did not in your own body anymore. This kind of belief is relative according to what religion you have, but the famous religion at M's time is mostly Catholic.

            The description of death time is realistic for this problem. M tried to explain about the world afterlife. Maybe it was different from the world you live. What a genius man M was because he can even thought about life afterlife for human being whereas he never come into that world, he never feel it as well, but he can imagine it. Maybe Death of Virgin is also explain about the time of sadness. The time yo must leave everyone surrounded you. When you were in, you can't feel anything from your body, everything that touched you, pain, care, someone spope up, you can not feel it because your body and soul is out of you. And additional information that I have read from internet that M was accused, he out a mistress/prostitute model for his painting. Actually this is one of M;s painting that put a woman as a model of his painting. He usualy out a man as model, adn because of that reason, people said that M is Homo. It means that M like same genre as him. But according to this painting Death of Virgin, the assumption is not clear well to judge M as Homo..

Caravaggio 2

The story about M’s painting becomes better to read. I have a thesis, M’s paintings and style influence people and poets at that time even M becomes very famous. M became very famous since he had spesial style of paintings that only M had that kind of style. Most of people has M’s paintings were sensational, natural, and not plagiarism. I agree about that statement. I found in this novel M’s became The Sensational Roman Arts because of his paintings.

As I said that M’s paintings influence some poets, for example, Marino is a poems writer. He write many kind of poems. He collected is his poems called the gallery. This collection of poems written on painting. Marino took M’s painting, Medusa shield. Marino wrote the poem when M and Marino were friends in Rome while M was doing these painting. Not only Marino, who excited with M’s paintings, but the poet, Auralio Orsi also wrote the poem base on M’s paintings. Then Murtola’s poems which played on art and nature; same as the style of M’s paintings tried to match its painting’s effect. For example a poem Boy Bitten by a scorpion, recalled as M’s Boy Bitten. In this context, poems and paintings generated each other reciprocally. Milesi, who admired M’s paintings, so he’d already written several poems on M’s paintings.

The style of M’s paintings are soft and lightly coloured, deal of black, dark, at a closed room, let the models out into the open sun, left the rest in shadow, and gain strength the contrast of light and dark. M always painted natural life, something that happened in life and never imitated someone’s paintings or style, and M had heart in his paintings. He had his own style and this style of paintings made him become famous, as a rebel, and an innovator for painters who love his methodes of  paintings.

Because M had a beautiful methodes, unique, different from other painters, and feeling, M became revolutioner of painters. Most of people imitate M’s works, styles, methodes, and feel of paintings. For example, Saraceni was a person who excited with M’s paintings. He imitate M’s style, he work as same as M’s own work. After Saraceni grown up to follow false master, then he saw M’s paintings. He was exited and want to made a paintings like what M did. This is the real example of how influence M in paintings world.

I can feel something when I see a paintings. I just curious and want to see M’s paintings. How can He made thta kind of paintings that can influence people, painters, children around him. M had been a motivator for other painters. His methodes of paintings, put the models at exact perspective, so that he can made beautiful painting from his methodes. Although M lived with many trouble around him, he painted by heart, use his feeling, natural life, and amazing result. 

Caravaggio 1

From novel “The Man Who Became Caravaggio”, it looks like a biography novel. The one, who is told in this novel, is M. M was a painter, exactly called as Modern Painter on the Italy Renaissance era. M is a short name from Michelangelo Merisi as his usual name. As I read in this novel, M is genius painter in his youth. He had been painter since he was young. M spent his childhood on Caravaggio at the east of Milan. In this paper, I’d like to share about what I got from what I read about M, his painter, and he was on his time. M lived in the time ideological cold war. I had something in my mind that ideological had been in war. People had different ideologies, and they defend on their ideologies without thinking of the right and wrong. As I read in this novel, M’s fortitude in facing the challange to paint make him to be good painters.  

            M was the first modern painter although he lived in war time, crisis of ideologies in Italy, violence, torture, cruel, and other bad things. He still can paint what he saw, and what he thought about the life. M didn’t draw; most of painter drew a picture, called as painting. M just saw it and painted it. This is the secret of M’s painting. M is also said that “you painted what you saw and a good man in painting knew how to do natural things”. I got what M wants to inform to painter that should be a natural painter, we can paint all things in life naturally. This is the genius mind of M that made him to be hated with other painters at that time, and to be loved at that time. When M was young, M was lead to be swordsman. He had ever killed the police. His painting is always containing natural messages, and his painting focus on life. I think, the way M painted to describe what happened and to tell people by his painting indirectly. M was also called as Revolutionary Painter because of his braveness and his brilliant mind in painted natural life. M painted his portrait in “sick self portrait”. He described his sick condition when he came to Rome. Francis and Angel, M’s painting in religious subject deal with the church, cheats, Isaac & Abraham 1, Matthew called, Judith & Holofernes, peter killed, John in the Wild IV, David II. All of the M’s painting was from natural life. natural life, according to me, is something that happened in life generally with human beings at that time they lived in, and it happened naturally without someone ask to be happened or not. It’s natural, I think.

            From this explanation, I can conclude that someone that lived in war and crisis time can develop their problem and they still can have great creation, amazing mind, genius, and future brain, like M. M is one of the example of amazing person who lived in war time, but he still be remembered as modern painter and revolutionary painter for painter till now, and people in Italy. I think, after read this novel all, I’ll be fully understood about the steps of amazing paintings. I want to be M as Principle person. What did I say like that? Because M had his own opinion in painting, and he will keep what he think is right, and continued it till his death coming.

Saving Fish From Drowning 4

Determine Power

            Dari novel Amy Tan yang saya baca, saya hanya bisa mengangkat suatu Thesis yang berkaitan dengan adanya suatu penguasa yang berkuasa di Burma. Mereka berkuasa atas orang-orang Burma, sehingga mengakibatkan banyak masalah yang tidak dapa di bendung lagi oleh para Burmese. Dari ilustrasi diatas, sangat terlihat bahwa suatu kekuasaan mampu mendominasi seluruh aspek kehidupan. Nah, maksdu dari mendominasi seluruh aspek kehidupan adalah para manusia yang berkuasa atau memiliki kekuasaan dianggap sebagai Tuhan di tanah jajahannya. Mengapa dianggap Tuhan? Karena diseluruh aspek kehidupan manusia, dia adalah pengatur segalanya. Dia mampu mengontrol semua itu denga kekuasaan yang dia miliki. Disini berarti ada suatu dominasi moralitas manusia dimana manusia tidak hidup dengan bebas melainkan manusia hidup dalam keterbatasan dan penjajahan.

            Melihat sekilas dalam novel Saving Fish From Drowning ini, power yang dimaksud adalah Rezim Militer yang sangat impresif dalam menguasai dan mengontrol masyarakat Burma. Di Burma dulunya tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh memasuki wilayah Burma terkhusus kepada para wartawan, jurnalis, dan penyiar radio. Burma sangat dirahasiakan pada saat itu. Dan juga, terjadi hal yang sangat menyedihkan yaitu bayaknya pembunuhan yang terjadi di Burma, baik itu dilakukan kepada anak-anak, wanita, atau pun orang tua. Bagi mereka yang melanggar peraturan rezim ini akan dibunuh secara sadis. Kemudian, tidak hanya pembunuhan saja yang mereka lakukan, tetapi juga mengambil seluruh hak milik penduduk Burma, seperti contoh rumah-rumah penduduk, harta penduduk, bahkan ada yang mengambil anak wanita untuk dijadikan budak. Dari sini terlihat jelas bahwa adanya power antara yang lemah dengan yang kuat (pemilik kekuasaan). Nah, dengan adanya power tersebut, rezim militer ini mengatur semua aspek kehidupan di Burma, pemerintahan termasuk juga sistem politik Burma. Dengan hadirnya power disini juga, masyarakat Burma merasa hidup mereka seperti tidak diakuir di Burma, mereka seperti manusia yang terlahir untuk dijadikan Babu saja, seperti contoh diatas yang memperlihatkan bahwa Hak-Hak manusia duah tidak diakui lagi di Burma pada masa rezim militer tersebut.

            Dari masalah yang terjadi diatas, jelas terlihat bahwa adanya kekuasaan dari suatu pihak menyebabkan terjadi kesenjangan sosial dilain pihak dengan asumsi bahwa pihak yang mempunyai power mengawasi pihak yang lemah. Disini adanya disintegrasi antara kaum yang berkuasa dan kaum yang lemah.

            Dengan demikian, dapat kita perhatikan bahwa suatu power yang dimiliki seseorang sebenarnya bisa dilepaskan, namun rezim yang berkuasa pada saat itu hanya satu Rezim Militer yang sangat tertutup terhadap dunia luar. Jadi, negara Burma pda saat itu dianggap Negara Isolasi. Dunia tidak mengetahui apa yang terjadi di Burma, bahkan seperti yang saya bilang bahwa jurnalis, wartawan, dan penyiar Radio pun tidak diizinkan untuk masuk ke wilayah Burma. Ini jelas sekali menilai bahwa ada suatu masalah yang sedng terjadi di Burma, namun dunia luar tidak mampu untuk mengetahui masalah tersebut.

Saving Fish From Drowning 3

Rejoice From Problems

            This is the last journey of struggling human rights in Burma as now we call as Myanmar. As we knew from the midst of the stories in this novel, Burma was in bad situations. It was under being controlled by the repressive regime, Military Regime, which had made people in Burma fell into worst troubles in their life. I remembered some of the problems such as this regime burned the villager’s houses, killed them, and took  their things like money, or anything else. Those problems made Burmese were in pain, they wanted to escape from this regime, so they chose to go to the hidden forest and isolated themselves from the world because there was no one can com into Burma’s location. Burma was too closed with other part of the world especially the journalists were absolutly forbidden to do something in Burma. I think, they did not want to share with the world what have done in Burma; bad or good. They do not the world knew what had happened in Burma actually. For a long time people who dislike with this regime isolated themselves in the hidden forests while they were thinking about the way out from this problems, the solution to reform the government system in Burma, so that there was no regime anymore that controlled everything, every part of Burmese’s life.

As the first clue, Belinda has been found a videotape, belonging one of the eleven American tourists missing in Burma. Where were they? No one knew about it. GNN was the media which can help Burmese, and finding the eleven American tourirsts missing. Second, she also found the secret recesses that showed thing behind the veil of secrecy of Burma. This was the opening or the ending of this regime because the Burmese had realized that the military had taken what their’s owns. The Burmese expect that no more deforestation, no more clearance for pipelines, no more cutting trees to heroin ciltivation, no more control of the land because the land is Burmese’s owning. Also the realization of Burmese got them into reformation of Burma. Thus, they want the freedom of speech, the freedom of living peacefully, the human rights (Burmese’s Rights), returning their land and replaced and changed things that had been made by the Military Regime. This movement I called as “Rejoicing”. As we know now the name of Burma has been changed into Myanmar with the new system of government and politics behind it as well.

            From this stories, we knew that Amy Tan want to share with us what happen wth the fish when it has to save from drowning. Their death time was coming. The description of this metaphor is the Repressive Regim, Military Regime in Burma, the end of the Regime is the metaphor of the end of the fish. I think in that way. And I do not know if there is another things in this novel “Saving Fish From Drowning”. This is so interesting to see the way of writing metaphor novel that show the polotical messages behind it, the description or the background of the country, Myanmar or Burma, as a history, but the way of description is different. I think, the ending of this novel is the Nature Happy Ending that was the end of the Unhappy Nature. In my opinion, Myanmar became a good country after this events.

The Reformation Movement or the Revolution Movement come from the things that people realize are needed and the Dignity must be at the top of everything and also Human Right.

Novel Tematis-Saving Fish From Drowning 2

Politic and People

            The problem like Politic is also become the big problem around the system of a country even its people. This problem which was happening in Myanmar, exactly in Burma. This political problems made people in Burma (Burmese) get pain about it and cannot defend on that system anymore. From the novel Saving Fish From Drowning, written by Amy Tan showed about that political problem, Power Determined Morality of people in Burma. Everything was changed by the government. There was a very powerful system in Burma who controlled everything in Burma even the place where Burmese lived and all the activities that Burmese did. I saw this things made Burmese get pain and they decided to rebels that powerful situation.

            As I read from this novel, some part told about the power of repressive regime (Military Regime). Everything deal with Burmese rights, it was not really clear appreciated anymore, Burmese want their democracy system of government, and freedom of speech. It was the problem that also occured in the countries around the world. Freedom is something that everyone look for and want it, but in Burma, Burmese could not get their freedom even the freedom of speech and be involved in the government system. That was things that Burmese want to get back. This problem happened because of the power of the repressive regime, called as Military regime. This regime prohibited every action that did not obey the rules of the regime and who did this things will be killed, whoever. For example from this novel, journalists were prohibited from visiting Burma. It meant that for journalists who want to interview Burmese, knew the condition of Burma, the problem or the system that controlled Burma, and everything about Burmas situation at that time were prohibited strongly. Also, each native sons in Burma fell into trouble although the trouble was not from them. then another problem that happened in Burma was the government pretend the people as a machines who can fully under controlled, did everything without certain rules (Absolut System). And when people cannot hold on about those problem, the Military Regime did rebellion and they took away Burmese’s land, burned their villages, and enslaved them (p. 442).  This was the example of the torture of Military Regime. They were so powerful. Not only took away their land, but also took the people even children, dragged them to the hidden part of the forest (p. 412). They must be protected from this repressive regime because if the regime kept their power to controlled everything in Burma, they can be killed all (Killing Fields) And maybe this regime will changed Burma into another form of country and kept their system as Absolute Government System.

            From all the problems that occured in Burma and Burmese, I got some conclusion that at that time Burma was in bad situation and there was nothing they can do. They just wait for help and changed everything to be good anymore and forever no Regime, No Absolut, and No genocide or taken away human rights. This kind of problems, Political Problems, came over the Burmese. It made them run away from their place and got into the forest where they think they can safe from the repressive regime and waited for help, but it was not. They were still be searched even they protected themselves and hid in the forest. This was not clear that the reason of the Military Regime tried to controlled everything, I have not gat the reason, but I think this regime want the Powerful Position in Burma and it had never been replaced.

            That was the thing I can share with you about how politic was very dominance, the way of people can protect themselves from this dominance, and the way out to change this situation into good things. Everything will be proved and human got their rights.      

Novel Tematis

Saving Fish From Drowning

According to my opinion about the novel Saving Fish from Drowning is complicated novel. As I read the conflict amongst the characters in this novel, and also the background of this novel is complicated. Many kind of problems come over this novel. For example culture, political situation in Burma, personalities, and so on. This novel is started with eleven tourists from America who want to to do tour with Bibi Chen in Burma. However, the unexpected dead of Bibi Chen made every plan which had arranged before her death were  missing. I write this essay about  the isolation that is caused by the political problem.

            According to the novel, the eleven tourists who lost their leader, Bibi Chen, still continued their tour in Burma. They were four men, five women, and two children, who have mysteriously vanished in Burma, after they sailed away on a cruise at Chirstmas morning. I see the eleven tourists were not scare to continued their tour. Maybe they believe God is always beside them, and as I read from this novel, although Bibi Chen had already died, she was still following that eleven tourists. After sailing away on a cruise, they were lost. they did not know about the place. At the moment, the origin people of Burma came and took the tourists to their place. They believe that one of the tourists can help them from their problem, save them because they were under control of Burma’s colony, made this Karen ethnic to be invisible from military forces. From this kind of problem, I can conclude that at that time Amy Tan wrote this novel, there was a destruction of Burma’s government, political situation and social relation. The example of this problem was Karen Ethnic who escape to deep jungle to save their life from military attacks. This was called as regime, Military Regime in Burma.  When the eleven tourists arrived, one of them, Rupert was believed as God maybe, or Hero who can help them from these problem. I do not get the background of Karen Ethnic, but I guess they isolated themselves from Burma because there wa a political conflict at that time in Burma.

            For long time until the end of thi novel maybe, the eleven tourits stayed with Karen Ethnic to protect them and help them from Military Attacks. I think, saving from drowning is the reflection of Burma’s situation that describe in this novel. The fish, according to me, is the isolated ethnic (Karen Ethnic) that need help to get freedom. One more information from this novel that it also told us about the culture of China like praying place ( Wihara, Pagoda). These shows that Amy Tan also tried to introduce some culture in her novel.

            In my opinion, the novel Saving Fish From Drowning is kind of unique literature that shows some comparison (Metaphor). At first I guess this novel describe about Fish or deal with fish, but it is not clear about fish, but the fish is something, people, group of people who need  help, who must be safed their life. I think, this is interesting and mermerize because the reader cannot run from the whole story in this novel because we read as we learn. 

Semantic and Pragmatic

What Is Pragmatic?

            In some cases, we commonly find so many different utterances that someone says to us. Usually, someone talks to us to avoid violent meaning, or to be polite speaker. For this kind of reasons, we usually use pragmatic to speak indirectly even directly. The definition of pragmatic is still ambiguous because there are many definitions of pragmatic, but we can take look at some definitions of pragmatic. Pragmatics are meaning in use, meaning in context, speaker’s meaning, or utterance interpretation. That was what I said that pragmatic is so identic with speaker’s interpretation when saying something to someone. Let’s take a ook at this simple example, a. do you know what is progressive metal?

                                  b. no, I do not like music at all.

In this dialogue, we can know that the speaker B did not know about progressive metal. Thus, speaker did not answer what the speaker A meant. From that example we also know that there is a problen in understanding the abstract meaning instead of the contextual meaning. Commonly, pragmatic meaning is also ambiguous. Ambiguous means that the speaker says something that we know, but we do not really know about it, for example,

a.       Have you ever gone to the theatre to see that movie?

b.      Not yet, but I have ever watched it in my room.

The hearer meant he/she knew the movie, but she/he give the ambiguous meaning when he/she said but I have ever watched it in my room. When we talk about pragmatic meaning, we know the utterance first, we must know what the speaker means to us. If we do not know about the speaker’s meaning, we speak unrelevant with the meaning of the first speaker.

Pragmatic usually speak indirectly because the speaker should see the level of utterance  of speaking. However, the speaker speaks directly to the hearer to reach their purpose spontanously. You speak to the point only.

            When we speak to someone, there is a rule of saying something that called as Maxims. The theory of maxim came from Grice that divided it into four maxims :

a.       Quantity – give clear information when you speak or you ask, or you answer someone. Do not make your contribution more informative that is required.

b.      Quality – do not say what you think/believe to be false.

c.       Relation – be relevant. Say something that relevant to the speaker’s meaning.

d.      Manner – avoid ambiguity, be orderly, avoid obsecurity of expression.

The first example of Quantity, let see:

a.       Would you like to hang out, Maria?

b.      Not now. I am so busy. (from movie : Harold and Kumar)

In this case, Maria give clear information and answer to refuse the invitation. Maria does not give an ambiguous answer, she tried to speak directly, refusing the speaker’s invitation.

Another example:

Harold : what are you doing?

Kumar : I am so high. (Harold and Kumar movie “Go To White Castle”

In this case, there is a failure in observing the maxims. Kumar did not give clear information about Harold’s question, whereas Kumar meant He is cheerful at the moment he was speaking. However, Kumar fail to observe the maxim, but Harold, in this case, knew what Kumar said to him. It observe as not being relevant, and flouts exploiting the maxim of quantity because as I said Kumar did not give clear information. The information was not informative for Harold.

            This is called as violating the pragmatic meaning. When you,as a speaker, talks to someone, and you expect to get informative answer, but you do not get it. As the example above. There are several ways of observing the maxims. It can help us to choose what language we use to speak, to whom we talk, and to what purpose we speak.

           

            In pragmatic also, we can find some indirect speech between the speaker and the hearer. There are some discussion of indirectness, but I just take an example and explain what aspect of indirectness we can discuss on. The first one is indirectness is risky and costly. Let’s take a look at this example:

R : would you like to get a cup of coffee tonight?

V : no thanks.

In order to avoid making a direct speech and it could hurt the his feeling, so this time to speak indirectness as unrisky. In this case, R tried to say indirectly that he want to hang out, but V response it directly. She does not mean to hurt him, but that is it. Indirectness will be risky if the hearer response it directly, not indirectly. How do we know how indirect is? There are four factor to know indirectness, they are:

a.       The relative power of the speaker over the hearer

It means that there is a power of the speaker can say what they want to say. They have power to speak. For example, Partner Chieftain : Rold, this work be your responsibility. I need it tomorrow at 9.00. If we look at this example, we know that Partner Chieftain has a power to ask him to do that job, and it can not be refused.

b.      The Social Distance Between The Speaker and The Hearer.

It means that when we speak to someone that you think close to you in age, sex, or culture, you do not need to speak indirectly, but when you speak to someone you think you need to be more polite, you use indirectness. For example, R is V’s friend: come on, finish you work quickly, I need it.

c.       The Degree To Which X Is Rated An Imposition In Culture Y

Sometime we speake to someone that has different background of culture. When we find this moment, we should speak indirectly about something we want to talk about.

d.      Relative Rights and Obligations Between The Speaker and The Hearer.

When you try to say something indirectly, you can measure you indirectness. To measuring indirectness, we need to see from different perspective in which it is spoken. There are several ways to measuring indirectness. As you tell someone about refusing the request or offering the request, we do not know about it. Let see...

            Let’s go with this example, the short conversation between Harold and Kumar, talking about Maria whom Harold pretend not to love Maria. (Movie – Harold and Kumar)

Kumar : why do not you talk to her, I think, she interest in you, Roldy.

Harold : The only girl who are interested in me are girls I have no interest in.

If we see from this conversation, there are implied meaning that Harold give to Kumar.

a.       Harold try to forget Maria because he think maria does not love him

b.      Harold is just lie on Kumar

c.       Harold does not want Kumar to know his relationship with Maria.

Another way in interpreting indirectness is from background knowledge the speaker and the hearer. Let see this example from the movie “BORAT”,

Borat : may I ask you about a man put his pube to my anus? ( in Borat’s background, he did not know about gay or homosexual).

If you talk to him about homosexual, according to his background, he does not know about it, and he will ask you back about what you have asked him before.

In conclusion of using indirectness in common conversation, we often use indirect speech in some language people use in the world, but sometime we must use indirectness for some reasons :

1.      We do not want our hearer get hurt because of our words.

2.      We try to be polite

3.      We want to show polite speech to the hearer with an implied meaning we put on it

4.      Sometime indirectness can be directness if we want to get a clear information

5.      Indirectness is usefull fro us when we speak with someone from other culture we do not know at all

Thus, from those five reasons, we can decide to choose indirect or direct to talk to one’s because talking indirectly can make us comfortable in conversation, but in some ways instead.

           

In everyday life, we usually hear someone talk to their friend is different when they talk to someone older than them. we also hear they talk to their close people is different with they talk to stranger. That is the discussion we have to observe. I got several example to observe the language they use, and pragmatic meaning they use also, and the flouting maxim they have done.

1.      Harold : what are you doing, man?

Kumar : Daddy needs to urinate. (Harold and Kumar movie “Go To White Castle).

In this example, we observe that there is a flout exploiting the maxim of quantity because Kumar eventually not answering Harold question, right? If he said, “I need to urinate”. It can be clear enough.

2.      Josh : so, Carl says you’re a climber.

W : I have done a little. (From movie “SANCTUM”).

Another example of flouting maxims in common conversation between friend. It was actually not relevant to the question that Josh gave to W. Why do not she just asnwer yes or not . however, I think, W use indirect speech to show that she has just became a climber. Because of that reason, she said “I have done a little”. And Josh understood she meant to him because they have the same background knowledge as climber. That is lucky conversation.

3.      Kumar : dude, we can stay here, get arrested, and end our hopes of ever going to White Castle, or we can take that hang-glider and make our lead towards freedom?

Harold : I hate you, Kumar. (Harold and Kumar “Go To White Castle”).

From this example, Harold has failed the maxims of quality, quantity, and relation because Kumar ask him about his decisio, but Harold just said “I hate you, Kumar”. From his reply, we can conclude that Harold was simply answering Kumar’s question and Kumar got his decision. Also, Kumar in this conversaton used indirect request to Harold, but Harold answered it directly. It was risky to speak directly when someone speake to us indrectly.  

            Hence from those kind of example, we have observed several failure when using the maxims in daily conversation, using indirectness speech with direct answer, and we can see there were many flouting the maxims, it can be quantity, quality, relation, and manner.

            Everything about pragmatic we have discussed above is a small part of pragmatic learning. We can learn many things about language because language is always change in the world. As long as the world is move over, language will become so complicated. After we learned about pragmatic meaning, in other way, what the speaker said is what we answer and what the speaker said is what we have in different way of express our answer.

We can indirectly speech to someone or we become so direct when we talk to someone although he or she is older than us. Nevertheless, there are some reason to talk to someone according to pragmatic rules:

a.       We speak to be more polite.

b.      We speak no to hurt someone.

c.       We speak to say something we should not say spontanously.

d.      We can use indirectness when we speak, but we need the hearer who understand about what we said and the answer also necessary.

e.       If we have power that others, we can ask him to do something.

f.       Social distance also influence our conversation because talking to close friend with old man is very different.

g.      Background knnowledge is also important because it can be unrelevant when you speak something that people do not know about what are you talking about.

In conclusion, pragmatic can be use to understand what the speaker says to the hearer. It means pragmatic determine the speaker’s meaning. Then when you speak to someone, you need to look at the situation with whom you talk to because it can cause unrelevant conversation between you as the speaker and the hearer. Also when you speak to someone, you can use indirectness to become more polite to say something that you do not like or if you want to refuse somone’s invitation, you need to use indirectness, so that the hearer does not get hurt with your words.

“ Language is complicated problem amongst other problems in the world because Language can change spontanously, Language is different from side to side of the world, people in the world have their own Language, world has its International Language that is English Language, Language is Global, Language can relates you to others, and Language can make your life unique”.

Daftar Pustaka

Shapiro, Greg. (Producer) 2004. Harold and Kumar Go To White Castle. New Line Cinema. United States. 136 Minutes.

Jay Roach Cohen, Sacha Baron. (Producer) 2006. BORAT. 20th Century Fox. United Kingdom. 84 Minutes.

Wight, Andrew. (Producer) 2011. SANCTUM. Universal Pictures. Australia. 109 Minutes.

http://sastra.um.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Analisis-Pragmatik-dalam-Penelitian-Penggunaan-Bahasa-Mujiyono-Wiryotinoyo.pdf